Piezoelectric ceramic material

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a piezoelectric ceramic material comprising a Bi 3 TiNbO 9  crystal and/or an MBi 2 Nb 2 O 9  crystal which are each a bismuth layer compound, where M represents at least one element selected from Sr, Ba and Ca. The ceramic material contains Bi, Ti, M and Nb as main component elements. The molar ratio as oxides of the main component elements is given by (Bi 3−x M x ) z  (Nb 1+y Ti 1−y)O   9  provided that 0&lt;x, y≦0.8 and 0.95≦z≦1.05. When the molar ratio of Ba/(M+Bi) is given by x B /3 and the molar ratio of Ca/(M+Bi) is given by x c /3, it is required that 0≦x B ≦0.5 and 0≦x C &lt;0.4. This piezoelectric ceramic material, free from any lead whatsoever, has a sufficiently high Curie point, and exhibits ever more improved piezoelectric properties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Art

[0002] The present invention relates to a piezoelectric ceramic material having the potential to find wide applications in fields including resonators and high-temperature pressure sensors.

[0003] 2. Background Art

[0004] A piezoelectric material has the piezoelectric effect that causes an electric polarization change when it receives external stresses and the inverse piezoelectric effect that causes distortion at an applied electric field. Piezoelectric materials are now applied to sensors, resonators, actuators, etc.

[0005] Piezoelectric materials currently put to practical use, for the most part, are generally provided by ferroelectric materials having perovskite structures based on tetragonal or rhombohedral crystal system PZT (PbZrO₃-PbTiO₃ solid solutions) or tetragonal crystal system PT (PbTiO₃). To meet a variety of requirements, a variety of subordinate components are added to these materials.

[0006] However, most of PZT or PT piezoelectric materials have Curie points of the order of 200 to 400° C. on practical compositions, and have difficulty in high-temperature applications because they become normal dielectric materials and lose their piezoelectric properties at temperatures higher than those. These lead-base piezoelectric materials are also not preferable in view of ecological consideration and prevention of pollution, because of containing a large amount (about 60 to 70% by mass) of lead oxide (PbO) having extremely high vaporization even at low temperatures. For instance, when these lead-base piezoelectric materials are produced in the form of ceramics or single crystals, very large amounts—even on industrial levels—of vaporous lead oxide are released by vaporization and diffusion into the atmosphere through unavoidable thermal treatments such as firing and melting. Lead oxide released during material production may be recovered; however, lead oxide contained in piezoelectric commodities on the market can hardly be done under the present situations. This lead oxide, when spewed into the environment over a wide area, would result inevitably in air pollution.

[0007] For piezoelectric materials that do not contain lead at all, for instance, BaTiO₃ having a perovskite structure belonging to the tetragonal crystal system is well known. However, this material is less than practical because of having a Curie point as low as 120° C.

[0008] For piezoelectric materials having a relatively high Curie point, for instance, a bismuth layer compound is known. The bismuth layer compound is represented by the following general formula:

(Bi₂O₂)²⁺(A_(m−1)B_(m)O_(3m+1))²⁻

[0009] In this general formula, the element A is Ca, Sr, Ba or the like and the element B is Ti, Nb, Ta, W or the like. Referring to the bismuth layer compound, the c axis of the crystal is longer than the a and b axes and the more the value of m in the aforesaid general formula, the longer the c axis is. For compounds represented by the aforesaid general formula where m=2, for instance, SrBi₂Nb₂O₉, BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ and CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ are known (A RESEARCH REPORT ON TRENDS IN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS, Table 4, page 17 published by the Association of Electronic Material in March 1976). JP-A 11-322426 discloses a piezoelectric ceramic composition comprising SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ and Mn added thereto in amount of 1.0% by weight or less as calculated on an MnCO₃ basis, and states that the electromechanical coupling factor is improved by the addition of Mn. Until now, however, no prior art shows that BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ and CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ have piezoelectric properties.

[0010] Most of bismuth layer compounds, because of having high Curie points, have properties satisfactory enough for high-temperature sensors. However, a problem with some bismuth layer compounds free from lead whatsoever is that their Q_(max) important for resonators is small. Here Q_(max) is defined by tan θ_(max) where θ_(max) is the maximum value of a phase angle. That is, Q_(max) is the maximum value of Q (=|X|/R) between a resonant frequency and an anti-resonant frequency, where X is reactance and R is resistance. The larger Q_(max) or the closer θ_(max) is to 90°, the more stable oscillation is and the lower is the temperature at which oscillation occurs.

[0011] An object of the present invention is to provide a piezoelectric ceramic that is free from lead, has a high enough Curie point and possesses improved piezoelectric properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] This object is achievable by the following embodiments (1) to (3) of the present invention.

[0013] (1) A piezoelectric ceramic material comprising a Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal and/or an MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal which are each a bismuth layer compound, where M represents at least one element selected from Sr, Ba and Ca, and containing Bi, Ti, M and Nb as main component elements, wherein a molar ratio as oxides of said main component elements is given by (Bi_(3−x)M_(x))_(z)(Nb_(1+y)Ti_(1−y))O₉ provided that 0 <x, y ≦0.8 and 0.95 ≦z ≦1.05, and 0≦x_(B≦)0.5 and 0≦x_(C<)0.4 wherein a molar ratio of Ba/(M+Bi) is given by x_(B)/3 and a molar ratio of Ca/(M+Bi) is given by x_(C)/3.

[0014] (2) The piezoelectric ceramic material of (1) above, wherein x−0.5≦y≦x+0.5.

[0015] (3) The piezoelectric ceramic material of (1) or (2) above, which further contains as a subordinate component element at least one element selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ta, Zr, Cr, Fe and W.

[0016] According to the present invention, it is possible to achieve a piezoelectric ceramic material that is free from lead and has a high-enough Curie point and a large value for the aforesaid Q_(max).

[0017] The key composition for the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention is a solid solution of Bi₃TiNbO₉ and MBi₂Nb₂O₉. If the mixing ratio of MBi₂Nb₂O₉ in this solid solution is limited to within the range defined by the invention, then the value of Q_(max) can be critically increased.

[0018] As already mentioned, SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ is a known piezoelectric material. However, the Q_(max) of SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ is small, as can be appreciated from the comparative samples in the examples of the invention. As again mentioned above, no prior art shows that BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ and CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ have piezoelectric properties. Also, no prior art shows that Bi₃TiNbO₉ has piezoelectric properties. As can be appreciated from the comparative samples in the examples of the invention, the Q_(max) of Bi₃TiNbO₉ is nearly close to zero. With the invention, it is possible to achieve an unexpected effect that some considerable large value is obtained for Q_(max) by mixing SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ with limited Q_(max) and BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ or CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ with nothing reported about their piezoelectric properties in Bi₃TiNbO₉ with nothing reported about its piezoelectric properties.

BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019]FIG. 1 is a chart illustrative of the results of analysis of powder X-ray diffraction of (1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉+xSrBi₂Nb₂O₉ with varying x values.

[0020]FIG. 2 is a chart illustrative of the results of analysis of powder X-ray diffraction of (1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉+xBaBi₂Nb₂O₉ with varying x values.

[0021]FIG. 3 is a drawing substitute photograph illustrative of grain structure, viz., a scanning electron microscope photograph of a section of one ceramic material.

[0022]FIG. 4 is a drawing substitute photograph illustrative of grain structure, viz., a scanning electron microscope photograph of a section of another ceramic material.

[0023]FIG. 5 is a drawing substitute photograph illustrative of grain structure, viz., a scanning electron microscope photograph of a section of yet another ceramic material.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0024] The piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention is a composite oxide containing Bi, Ti, M and Nb as main component elements. The element M is at least one element selected from Sr, Ba and Ca. The molar ratio of the main component elements on an oxide basis is given by the following formula I:

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xMBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0025] The small letter x is the molar ratio indicative of the mixing ratio of MBi₂Nb₂O₉ with respect to the total of Bi₃TiNbO₉ and MBi₂Nb₂O₉. Here let x_(s) represent the mixing ratio of SrBi₂Nb₂O₉, x_(B) represent the mixing ratio of BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ and x_(C) represent the mixing ratio of CaBi₂Nb₂O₉. Then,

x=x _(S) +x _(B) +x _(C)

[0026] In the aforesaid formula I according to the invention, for x, 0<x≦0.8

[0027] preferably 0.05≦x≦0.8

[0028] more preferably 0.1≦x≦0.7 for x_(B), 0≦x_(B)<0.5

[0029] preferably 0≦x_(B)≦0.4

[0030] more preferably 0≦x_(B)≦0.3 for x_(C), 0≦x_(C)<0.4

[0031] preferably 0≦x_(C)≦0.3 for x_(S), preferably 0.2≦x_(S)≦0.7

[0032] Q_(max) can be improved by controlling the mixing ratio of MBi₂Nb₂O₉ with respect to Bi₃TiNbO₉ according to the invention. When this mixing ratio is too low or too high, the effect on Q_(max) improvements becomes insufficient. Although the respective molar ratios of Sr, Ba and Ca in the element M are not critical, it is understood that when x_(B) or x_(C) exceeds the upper limit of the aforesaid range, the effect on Q_(max) improvements becomes insufficient. For the element M, it is particularly preferable to use at least one element of Sr and Ba because of having a much higher effect on Q_(max) improvements.

[0033] The piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention includes a Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal and/or an MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal which are each a bismuth layer compound. Usually, the Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal and MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal are each in a single phase form. The Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal is a orthorhombic crystal while the MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal is a pseudo-tetragonal crystal. Whether the piezoelectric material of the invention is in a Bi₃TiNbO₉ single crystal form or an MBi₂Nb₂O₉ single crystal form is determined depending on the amount of substitution x, with the boundary being x=ca.0.1 to 0.3. By the MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal used herein is meant an SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal, a BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal, and a CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal. Wherever the MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal is present, at least one of these crystals must be present.

[0034] The piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention should preferably be composed only of the Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal and/or the MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal, and especially be made up of the single phase of either crystal. However, the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention may contain some foreign phases, or it is not necessarily homogeneous. For instance, the mixing ratios of all the crystals in the piezoelectric ceramic material are not necessarily identical.

[0035] The molar ratio of the aforesaid main component elements may more or less deviate from the aforesaid formula I. The composition represented by this formula I may be rewritten as

(Bi_(3−x)M_(x))(Nb_(1+x)Ti_(1−x))O₉

[0036] Here the ratio of M+Bi with respect to Nb+Ti is 3/2. However, a deviation of ca.±5% from this value is acceptable. In other words, the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention should preferably be defined by

(Bi_(3−x)M_(x))_(z)(Nb_(1+x)Ti_(1−x))O₉  II

[0037] provided that 0.95≦z≦1.05. It is here appreciated that the amount of oxygen, too, can change depending on the valence of the metal elements, oxygen deficiencies, etc. and, hence, the number of moles of oxygen in formula II is not necessarily 9.

[0038] For composition control of the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention, it is unnecessary to vary Nb/(Nb+Ti) and M/(M+Bi) in perfect sync. For instance, the substitution of parameter x by y with respect to Nb and Ti in formula II gives

(Bi_(3−x)M_(x))_(z)(Nb_(1+y)Ti_(1−y))O₉  III

[0039] In this formula III according to the invention, for x and y, 0<x, y≦0.8

[0040] preferably 0.05≦x, y≦0.8

[0041] more preferably 0.1≦x, y≦0.7 for z, 0.95≦z≦1.05 However, perfectly independent alteration of x and y causes the effect of the invention to become slender. It is thus desired that

x−0.5≦y≦x+0.5

[0042] preferably x−0.3≦y≦x+0.3

[0043] even preferably x−0.1≦y≦x+0.1

[0044] most preferably y=x

[0045] It is preferable that whenever Ba alone, and Ca alone is used as the element M,

x−0.3≦y≦x+0.3

[0046] In a typical example where x is not equal to y or other elements are added to the main component elements, the design of composition is on the basis of substitutional solid solution. For instance, this holds true for the case where the added elements are treated as elements for substitution of M in MBi₂Nb₂O_(9.)

[0047] In the aforesaid formula III, the molar ratio, M/(M+Bi), of M with respect to M+Bi is represented by x/3 where x corresponds to the mixing ratio x in the aforesaid formula I. Referring to formula III, let x_(S), x_(B) and x_(C) stand for the molar ratios of Sr, Ba and Ca in the element M, respectively. Then,

x=x _(S) +x _(B) +x _(C)

[0048] Accordingly, the molar ratios of Sr, Ba and Ca with respect to M+Bi are represented by x_(S)/3, x_(B)/3 and x_(C)/3, respectively. The ranges of x_(S), x_(B) and x_(C) in formula III are the same as defined in conjunction with formula I.

[0049] In addition to the aforesaid main component elements, the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention may contain other elements as subordinate components. Usually, the subordinate component elements should preferably be contained in the form of oxides. The total content of the subordinate component elements in the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention should preferably be less than 1% by mass, and especially 0.8% by mass or less, as calculated on an oxide basis. When the content of the subordinate component elements is too much, Q_(max) often diminishes. It is here appreciated that the content of the subordinate component elements, as calculated on an oxide basis, is determined on the premise that the subordinate component oxides are incorporated in the form of oxides in stoichiometric composition. Preferably but not exclusively, the subordinate component element used should be at least one of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ta, Zr, Cr, Fe and W, and especially at least one of La, Pr, Nd and Gd. By the incorporation of these subordinate component elements, it is possible to achieve a further increase in Q_(max). This effect on Q_(max) improvements is much more enhanced especially when Sr is contained in the element M. To take full advantage of the effect on Q_(max) improvements, it is preferable to use the subordinate component elements in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more as calculated on an oxide basis. It is here appreciated that the contents of these subordinate component elements, as calculated on an oxide basis, are determined on the premise that they are present in the states of La₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁, Nd₂O₃, Pm₂O₃, Sm₂O₃, Eu₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Tb₄O₇, Dy₂O₃, Ho₂O₃, Er₂O₃, Tm₂O₃, Yb₂O₃, Lu₂O₃, Ta₂O₅, ZrO₂, Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and WO₃.

[0050] In the most preferable embodiment of the invention, the subordinate component element or elements should be quite free from Pb. However, the presence of Pb in an amount of 0.5% by mass or less as calculated on a PbO basis is practically insignificant.

[0051] The crystal grains of the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention are present in plate or acicular forms. Although the mean crystal grain diameter is not critical, yet it should be preferably 1 to 10 μm, and more preferably 3 to 5 μm as measured in the lengthwise direction. With too large crystal grains, any large enough electromechanical coupling factor can hardly be obtained due to decreased sintering density. With too small crystal grains, on the other hand, insufficient sintering results again in decreased sintering density.

[0052] The piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention is typically suitable for resonators operable in every mode from thickness extensional vibration mode to thickness shear vibration mode.

[0053] One embodiment of how to fabricate the piezoelectric ceramic material of the invention is now explained.

[0054] Powders of the starting oxides or the starting compounds that can be converted by firing into oxides, that is, carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates or nitrates, for instance, SrCO₃, BaCO₃, CaCO₃, La₂O₃, La(OH)₃, Bi₂O₃, TiO₂, Nb₂O₅, etc. are wet mixed together in a ball mill or the like.

[0055] Then, the mixture is calcined at about 650 to 1,000° C. for about 1 to 3 hours, and the resultant calcined product was slurried and wet pulverized in a ball mill or the like.

[0056] After completion of wet pulverization and drying, the powders of the calcined product were pressed at a pressure of about 100 to 400 MPa with the addition thereto of a small amount (of the order of 4 to 8% by mass) of water, thereby obtaining a compact. In this case, a binder such as polyvinyl alcohol may be added to the powders.

[0057] Then, the compact is fired to obtain a piezoelectric ceramic material. The firing temperature is preferably selected from the range of 950 to 1,250° C. and the firing time is preferably of the order of about 1 to 5 hours. The firing may be carried out in the atmosphere. Alternatively, the firing may be performed in an atmosphere having a partial pressure of oxygen lower or higher than that in the atmosphere, or in an atmosphere of pure oxygen.

EXAMPLE Example 1 (M═Sr)

[0058] Piezoelectric ceramic samples shown in Table 1 were prepared according to the following procedure.

[0059] Bi₂O₃, Nb₂O₅, TiO₂ and SrCO₃ were provided as the starting materials for the main components, La₂O₃, Pr₆O₁₁, Nd₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Ta₂O₅, ZrO₂, Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and WO₃ as the starting materials for the subordinate components, and MnCO₃ for the purpose of comparisons with the subordinate components. The powders of the starting main component materials were blended together in such a way as to provide the following composition as calculated on an oxide basis.

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xSrBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0060] The value of x in each sample is indicated in Table 1. The powders of the starting subordinate component materials were added to the starting main component materials. Table 1 also shows the contents, as calculated on an oxide basis, of the subordinate component elements in the piezoelectric ceramic samples.

[0061] These starting materials were wet mixed together for 15 hours in a ball mill using zirconia balls in pure water. Then, the mixture was fully dried, pressed, and calcined at 750 to 900° C. for 2 hours. The resultant calcined product was pulverized in a ball mill, dried, and granulated with the addition of a binder (polyvinyl alcohol) thereto. Using a uniaxial pressing machine, the resultant granulated powders were pressed with the application thereto of a pressure of 200 to 300 MPa into a plate form of compact having a plane size of 20 mm×20 mm and a thickness of ca. 1.5 mm. The obtained compact was thermally treated to burn out the binder, and then fired at 1,050 to 1,250° C. for 2 to 4 hours.

[0062] The resultant sintered compact was lapped to a thickness of 0.5 mm, and cut to a plane size of 15 mm×15 mm, thereby obtaining a thin sheet. Cu electrodes were deposited by evaporation on the upper and lower sides of this thin sheet. Then, an electric field of 5 to 15 MV/m was applied to the thin sheet for 1 to 30 minutes in a silicone oil bath of 150 to 300° C. for polarization treatment.

[0063] Then, the Cu electrodes were etched away using an aqueous solution of ferric chloride, and the thin sheet was thereafter ground to a thickness of 0.41 mm. Subsequently, the thin sheet was cut to a plane size of 7 mm×4.5 mm in such a way as to align the direction of polarization with the thickness direction, thereby obtaining a chip. For the evaluation of thickness extensional vibration, Ag electrodes were deposited by evaporation on the upper and lower sides of the chip. Each Ag electrode had a diameter of 1.5 mm and a thickness of 1 μm.

[0064] Using an impedance analyzer HP4194A, Hewlett-Packard Co., each sample was measured for Q_(max) in the thickness extensional third vibration mode at about 16 MHz. The results are set out in Table 1. TABLE 1 (M = Sr) Subordinate Component Sample Content No. x Type (% by mass) Q_(max) 101 0*  — — 0.1 (comp.) 102 0.2 — — 5.2 103 0.4 — — 4.3 104 0.5 — — 3.4 105 0.7 — — 3.0 106 0.8 — — 2.3 107  1.0* — — 1.6 (comp.) 108 0.5 La 0.1 4.2 109 0.5 La 0.3 7.5 110 0.5 Pr 0.1 4.6 111 0.5 Pr 0.3 8.4 112 0.5 Nd 0.3 7.0 113 0.5 Gd 0.3 7.2 114 0.5 Ta 0.1 6.0 115 0.5 Ta 0.3 5.7 116 0.5 Ta 0.5 4.8 117 0.5 Zr 0.1 5.5 118 0.5 Zr 0.3 5.6 119 0.5 Zr 0.5 5.6 120 0.5 Cr 0.3 4.0 121 0.5 Fe 0.3 4.2 122 0.5 W 0.3 4.4 123 0.5 Mn* 0.3 0.5

[0065] From Table 1, it is found that by mixing the given amount of SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ in Bi₃TiNbO₉ to form a solid solution, Q_(max) is much more increased than could be achieved with the single phase of Bi₃TiNbO₉, and the single phase of SrBi₂Nb₂O₉. It is also found that by the incorporation of the subordinate component such as La, Q_(max) is much more increased. As can be seen from the fact that the inventive samples set out in Table 1 have Curie points in the range of 450 to 940° C., sufficiently high Curie points are obtainable according to the invention.

[0066] Shown in FIG. 1 are the results of powder X-ray diffraction analysis of a plurality of samples represented by

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xSrBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0067] where x stands for different values. From FIG. 1, it is found that single-phase sintered compacts in perfect solid solution forms, whatever of value of x indicative of the mixing ratio, are achievable. In FIG. 1, orthorhombic crystals occur at x≦0.2 and pseudo-tetragonal crystals at x≧0.3.

Example 2 (M═Ba)

[0068] Piezoelectric ceramic samples shown in Table 2 were prepared according to the following procedure.

[0069] Bi₂O₃, Nb₂O₅, TiO₂ and BaCO₃ were provided as the starting materials for the main components. The powders of the starting main component materials were blended together in such a way as to provide the following composition as calculated on an oxide basis.

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xBaBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0070] The value of x in each sample is indicated in Table 2. The piezoelectric ceramic samples were obtained as in Example 1 with the exception of using these starting materials.

[0071] Each sample was measured for Q_(max) as in Example 1. The results are set out in Table 2. TABLE 2 (M = Ba) Sample No. x Q_(max) 201 0*  0.1 (comp.) 202 0.1 6.8 203 0.3 4.4 204 0.4 3.2 205 0.5 2.1 206  0.6* 0.0 (comp.)

[0072] From Table 2, it is found that by mixing the given amount of BaBi₂Nb₂O₉ in Bi₃TiNbO₉ to form a solid solution, Q_(max) is much more increased than could be achieved with the single phase of Bi₃TiNbO₉. As can be seen from the fact that the inventive samples set out in Table 2 have Curie points in the range of 450 to 940° C., sufficiently high Curie points are obtainable according to the invention.

[0073] Shown in FIG. 2 are the results of powder X-ray diffraction analysis of a plurality of samples represented by

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xBaBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0074] where n stands for different values. From FIG. 2, it is found that single-phase sintered compacts in perfect solid solution forms, whatever of value of x indicative of the mixing ratio, are achievable. In FIG. 2, orthorhombic crystals occur at x ≦0.1 and pseudo-tetragonal crystals at x≧0.3.

[0075] Scanning electron microscope photographs taken of the sections of sample Nos. 201, 202 and 206 after chemical etching are attached hereto as FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, respectively. It is seen that inventive sample No. 202 having an increased Q_(max) is made up of plate crystal grains having an increased degree of grain growth; however, comparative sample No. 201 has a reduced degree of grain growth although it is made up of plate crystal grains. It is also seen that comparative sample No. 206 is made up of amorphous crystal grains having a reduced degree of grain growth.

Example 3 (M═Sr+Ba)

[0076] Piezoelectric ceramic samples shown in Table 3 were prepared according to the following procedure.

[0077] Bi₂O₃, Nb₂O₅, TiO₂, SrCO₃ and BaCO₃ were provided as the starting materials for the main components, and La₂O₃, Pr₆O₁₁, Nd₂O₃, Gd₂O₃ and Ta₂O₅ as the starting materials for the subordinate components. The powders of these starting main component materials were blended together in such a way as to provide the following composition as calculated on an oxide basis.

(1−x _(S) x _(B))Bi₃TiNbO₉+(x _(S))SrBi₂Nb₂O₉+(x _(B))BaBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0078] The values of x_(S) and x_(B) in each sample are shown in Table 3. The powders of the starting subordinate component materials were added to the starting main component materials. Table 3 also indicates the contents, as calculated on an oxide basis, of the subordinate component elements in the piezoelectric ceramic samples. The piezoelectric ceramic samples were obtained as in Example 1 with the exception of using these starting materials.

[0079] Each sample was measured for Q_(max) as in Example 1. The results are set out in Table 3. TABLE 3 (M = Sr, Ba) Subordinate Component Sample Content No. x_(S) x_(B) Type (% by mass) Q_(max) 301 0*   0*   — — 0.1 (comp.) 302 0.05 0.05 — — 4.5 303 0.05 0.10 — — 5.0 304 0.10 0.05 — — 4.9 305 0.10 0.10 — — 6.4 306  0.125  0.125 — — 7.3 307 0.15 0.05 — — 4.9 308 0.15 0.15 — — 7.6 309 0.20 0.20 — — 5.5 310 0.40 0.10 — — 4.5 311  1.00* 0   — — 1.6 (comp.) 312 0.10 0.10 La 0.3 8.5 313 0.10 0.10 Pr 0.3 9.3 314 0.10 0.10 Nd 0.3 8.0 315 0.10 0.10 Gd 0.3 8.1 316 0.10 0.10 Ta 0.1 6.5

[0080] From Table 3, it is found that by mixing the given amount of MBi₂Nb₂O₉ in Bi₃TiNbO₉ to form a solid solution, Q_(max) is much more increased than could be achieved with the single phase of Bi₃TiNbO₉. It is also found that even when both Sr and Ba are used as the element M, Q_(max) is by far much more increased by the incorporation of the subordinate component element such as La. As can be seen from the fact that the inventive samples set out in Table 3 have Curie points in the range of 450 to 940° C., sufficiently high Curie points are obtainable according to the invention. The samples shown in Table 3 were all in single phase states.

Example 4 (M═Ca)

[0081] Piezoelectric ceramic samples shown in Table 4 were prepared according to the following procedure.

[0082] Bi₂O₃, Nb₂O₅, TiO₂ and CaCO₃ were provided as the starting materials for the main components. The powders of the starting main component materials were blended together in such a way as to provide the following composition as calculated on an oxide basis.

(1−x)Bi₃TiNbO₉ +xCaBi₂Nb₂O₉

[0083] The value of x in each sample is indicated in Table 4. The piezoelectric ceramic samples were obtained as in Example 1 with the exception of using these starting materials.

[0084] Each sample was measured for Q_(max) as in Example 1. The results are set out in Table 4. TABLE 4 (M = Ca) Sample No. x Q_(max) 401 0*  0.1 (comp.) 402 0.1 2.6 403 0.2 4.5 404 0.3 2.3 405  0.4* 1.5 (comp.) 406  0.5* 0.8 (comp.) 407  0.6* −0.5 (comp.)

[0085] From Table 4, it is found that by mixing the given amount of CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ in Bi₃TiNbO₉ to form a solid solution, Q_(max) is much more increased than could be achieved with the single phase of Bi₃TiNbO₉. As can be seen from the fact that the inventive samples set out in Table 4 have Curie points in the range of 450 to 940° C., sufficiently high Curie points are obtainable according to the invention. The samples shown in Table 4 were all in single phase states.

[0086] Whereas the invention has been shown and described in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that many modifications, substitutions and additions may be made which are within the intended scope of the appended claims.

[0087] Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2000-228514, 2000-296992, 2000-241826 and 2001-083778 are incorporated herein by reference. 

What we claim is:
 1. A piezoelectric ceramic material comprising a Bi₃TiNbO₉ crystal and/or an MBi₂Nb₂O₉ crystal which are each a bismuth layer compound, where M represents at least one element selected from Sr, Ba and Ca, and containing Bi, Ti, M and Nb as main component elements, wherein a molar ratio as oxides of said main component elements is given by (Bi_(3−x)M_(x))_(z) (Nb_(1−y))O₉ provided that 0<x, y≦0.8 and 0.95≦z≦1.05, and 0≦x_(B)≦0.5 and 0≦x_(C)<0.4 wherein a molar ratio of Ba/(M+Bi) is given by x_(B)/3 and a molar ratio of Ca/(M+Bi) is given by x_(C)/3.
 2. The piezoelectric ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein x−0.5≦y≦x+0.5.
 3. The piezoelectric ceramic material according to claim 1, which further contains as a subordinate component element at least one element selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ta, Zr, Cr, Fe and W. 